For intellectual adventurers this summer, a curated selection of thirteen significant behavioral science books, newly published this year, offers a compelling journey into the depths of human experience. These volumes delve into the enigmas of life and consciousness, explore the potent influence of constraints and the pervasive nature of games that shape our existence, guide readers through life’s inevitable challenges, and illuminate the profound impact of place on identity.
"These books are designed to provoke thought and offer new perspectives," state Heather Graci, Editor, and Evan Nesterak, Editor-in-Chief. "Whether you’re contemplating the vastness of consciousness or the subtle forces that guide our daily decisions, this collection provides fertile ground for intellectual growth."
Unraveling the Mysteries of Life, Death, and Consciousness
The fundamental questions of existence—what it means to be alive, the nature of consciousness, and the inevitability of death—continue to captivate human inquiry. As Maria Popova eloquently puts it, "Life begins, with a spark of sentience catalyzed by chemistry and chance, and then it ends, with death. The great mystery is not the fable of what lies beyond. The great mystery is what we make of the wilderness between the bookends…" This sentiment is at the heart of two groundbreaking works that explore this profound "wilderness."
Maria Popova, in her latest offering, masterfully weaves together the narratives of individuals who have grappled with life’s most profound questions. Their quests for answers span diverse disciplines, from the scientific pursuit of understanding penicillin’s structure or charting Venus’s celestial path, to the creative expressions of poetry and the adventurous spirit of ocean voyages. These stories highlight the multifaceted human drive to comprehend our place in the cosmos.
Complementing this exploration, Michael Pollan confronts the "improbable fact"—the sheer miracle—that amidst a universe composed of rock, fire, ice, and infinite space, humanity not only exists but possesses awareness. Pollan probes the very essence of consciousness: how do we become conscious? Why are we conscious? And to what extent does consciousness extend beyond the human experience? The insights offered by Popova and Pollan promise to recalibrate our sense of scale, fostering both an appreciation for the enduring, millennia-old questions we grapple with and a humbling recognition of the inherent limitations of our understanding.
Traversal by Maria Popova, delves into these existential queries. As described on its back cover, "What is life? What is death? What makes a body a person? What makes a planet a world? In Traversal, Maria Popova illuminates our various instruments of reckoning with the bewilderment of being alive—our telescopes and our treatises, our postulates and our poems—through the intertwined lives, loves, and legacies of visionaries both celebrated and sidelined by history, people born into the margins of their time and place who lived to write the future."
A World Appears: A Journey Into Consciousness by Michael Pollan, further investigates the enigma of awareness. The book’s synopsis poses critical questions: "When it comes to the phenomenon that is consciousness, there is one point on which scientists, philosophers, and artists all agree: that it feels like something to be us. Yet the fact we have subjective experience of the world remains one of nature’s greatest mysteries. How is it that our mental operations are accompanied by feelings, thoughts, and a sense of self? What would a scientific investigation of our inner life look like, considering we have as little distance and perspective on it as fish do of the sea?"
Rethinking Cognition: The Power of Constraints, Games, and Human Intelligence
The very mechanisms of our thought processes—how we make decisions, navigate complex systems, and understand the world—are under renewed scrutiny. This year’s literary landscape offers three pivotal works that invite readers to engage in deeper introspection about their own cognitive faculties.
David Epstein’s Inside the Box examines the often counterintuitive role of constraints. In a world that extols infinite choice and boundless freedom, Epstein argues that limitations can paradoxically serve as powerful catalysts for innovation and discovery. He posits that an overemphasis on absolute freedom can lead to paralysis and hinder significant breakthroughs. His research suggests that individuals, organizations, and even societies can benefit from strategically narrowing their options. This perspective challenges the conventional wisdom that more is always better, proposing that intelligent constraints can foster creativity and lead to more satisfying outcomes.
C. Thi Nguyen, a philosopher, dissects the pervasive influence of games in modern life in The Score. Nguyen reveals how game structures, often unseen, shape our actions, values, and motivations. He explores why the "scoring" inherent in games can be exhilarating, driving engagement and mastery, yet how its application in broader life contexts can be detrimental, leading to a focus on superficial metrics rather than intrinsic value. Nguyen’s work prompts a critical examination of the systems we operate within, urging us to distinguish between games that enrich our lives and those that merely constrain them.
Cognitive scientist Tom Griffiths, in The Laws of Thought, bridges the gap between mathematical modeling and human cognition. Griffiths explores the potential of quantitative approaches to understand intelligence, while also acknowledging the inherent limitations of such models when applied to the nuanced landscape of the human mind. His work highlights the unique aspects of human thinking that may remain elusive to artificial intelligence, offering a fresh perspective on self-understanding and the enduring mysteries of our cognitive abilities.
Inside the Box: How Constraints Make Us Better by David Epstein, explores this paradox. The back cover states: "We live in a world that gives us seemingly infinite choices and prizes freedom above all else. We have an unprecedented number of options regarding what to do, who to be, and how to spend our time. All that choice is wonderful; it is also overwhelming. The irony is that total freedom can be paralyzing, and unlimited resources don’t necessarily lead to the biggest breakthroughs. In fact, overvaluing complete freedom can be disastrous for everything from starting a company to harnessing creativity to finding personal satisfaction. David Epstein argues that all of us—individuals, businesses, institutions, even societies—can benefit from narrowing our options."
The Score: How to Stop Playing Somebody Else’s Game by C. Thi Nguyen, offers a philosophical exploration of game theory’s societal implications. As per the book’s description: "Games are the most important art form of our era. They embody the spirit of free play. They show us the subtle beauty of action everywhere in life in video games, sports, and boardgames—but also cooking, gardening, fly-fishing, and running. They remind us that it isn’t always about outcomes, but about how glorious it feels to be doing the thing. And the scoring systems help get us there, by giving us new goals to try on. Scoring systems are also at the center of our corporations and bureaucracies—in the form of metrics and rankings. They tell us exactly how to measure our success. They encourage us to outsource our values to an external authority. And they push on us to value simple, countable things. Metrics don’t capture what really matters; they only capture what’s easy to measure. The price of that clarity is our independence."
The Laws of Thought: The Quest for a Mathematical Theory of the Mind by Tom Griffiths, delves into the intersection of mathematics and cognition. The back cover explains: "Everyone has a basic understanding of how the physical world works. We learn about physics and chemistry in school, letting us explain the world around us in terms of concepts like force, acceleration, and gravity—the Laws of Nature. But we don’t have the same fluency with concepts needed to understand the world inside us—the Laws of Thought. While the story of how mathematics has been used to reveal the mysteries of the universe is familiar, the story of how it has been used to study the mind is not."
Data-Driven Morality: Applying Economic Principles to Social Dilemmas
The application of rigorous, data-driven approaches to complex social issues is gaining traction, framed not just as an academic exercise but as a moral imperative. Economists Alvin Roth and Jennifer Doleac champion this perspective, arguing that economic frameworks can illuminate paths toward progress in deeply entrenched societal debates.
Alvin Roth, a Nobel laureate, presents Moral Economics, which advocates for viewing contentious social issues such as drug policy, abortion, and organ donation through a market-based lens. Roth contends that by understanding these issues as markets—mechanisms for allocating scarce resources and facilitating exchange—we can uncover novel strategies for resolution in situations where traditional approaches have reached an impasse. This perspective challenges the often ideologically charged nature of these debates, suggesting that a pragmatic, market-design approach can lead to more functional and equitable outcomes.
Jennifer Doleac, in The Science of Second Chances, focuses on the criminal justice system. She meticulously demonstrates how many well-intentioned policies, despite their noble aims, often fall short of true justice. Doleac’s work underscores the critical role of scientific inquiry in identifying effective interventions, particularly where intuitive judgments may be flawed. She advocates for evidence-based reforms that can lead to a more just and beneficial system for all stakeholders. Doleac’s core conviction is clear: "I see a lack of rigor as unethical. Policies that don’t work don’t help people. If we are serious about improving lives, we need to test our policies carefully to ensure they’re effective." This statement highlights the ethical dimension of policy-making, emphasizing the responsibility to ensure interventions achieve their intended positive impacts.
Moral Economics: From Prostitution to Organ Sales, What Controversial Transactions Reveal About How Markets Work by Alvin E. Roth, offers a provocative examination of societal norms. The book’s synopsis states: "Some of the most intractable controversies in our divided society are, at bottom, about what actions and transactions should be banned. . . . Disagreements are fierce because arguments on both sides are often made in uncompromising moral or religious terms. But in Moral Economics, Nobel Prize–winning economist Alvin E. Roth asserts that we can make progress on these and other difficult topics if we view them as markets—tools to help decide who gets what—and understand how those markets can be fine-tuned to be more functional. Markets don’t have to allow everything or ban everything. Prudent market design can find a balance between preserving people’s rights to pursue their own interests and protecting the most vulnerable from harm."
The Science of Second Chances: A Revolution in Criminal Justice by Jennifer Doleac, presents a compelling case for reform. The back cover elaborates: "When criminal justice expert Jennifer Doleac thinks about reform, she’s not just hopeful, she’s optimistic that second chances are possible—for the justice-involved population and the system as a whole. In The Science of Second Chances, she reveals her powerful approach to reducing crime and incarceration. Drawing on cutting-edge economic research and real-world experiments, the book presents a blueprint for reform that runs all the way through the system . . . From DNA databases that increase the likelihood of catching reoffenders to leniency programs for first-time defendants, she reveals a series of surprising interventions that actually work, along with cautionary tales about great ideas that never panned out." An excerpt published in Behavioral Scientist further emphasizes this point: "It’s as if they’re standing at a fork in the road, considering what to do next. One direction leads toward more criminal behavior and criminal justice involvement, and the other leads toward a productive, law-abiding life. It turns out that many first-time defendants will choose the better path if we simply get out of their way."
The Social Fabric: Understanding Our Interactions and Disagreements
As the summer months usher in increased opportunities for social engagement, three social psychologists offer profound insights into the nature of human connection, the art of conversation, and the navigation of disagreement.
Nicholas Epley, in A Little More Social, tackles the paradox of our fundamentally social nature. Despite our innate need for connection, humans frequently opt for solitude. Epley explores the psychological barriers—often rooted in misplaced pessimism about social outcomes—that prevent us from initiating interactions. He provides actionable advice for overcoming these hesitations and reaping the benefits of increased social engagement.
Gillian Sandstrom’s Once Upon a Stranger delves into the science behind casual interactions with unfamiliar individuals. Sandstrom shares her research and personal experiences, illustrating how embracing conversations with strangers can lead to a richer, more joyful existence. Her work suggests that even seemingly insignificant encounters can have a cumulative positive impact on well-being and broaden our perspectives.
Julia Minson’s How to Disagree Better addresses one of the most challenging aspects of social interaction: conflict. In an era marked by increasing polarization, Minson confronts the inherent discomfort many feel when faced with differing viewpoints. She argues that disagreement, while often daunting, is not only inevitable but essential for personal growth, effective problem-solving, and the functioning of democratic societies. Her work offers strategies for engaging in constructive dialogue and finding common ground, even amidst profound differences.
A Little More Social: How Small Choices Create Unexpected Happiness, Health, and Connection by Nicholas Epley, offers a compelling argument for increased social interaction. The book’s synopsis notes: "There is a paradox at the core of human life. We are a highly social species uniquely equipped to connect with other people and doing so is better for us. Yet we so often choose to be unsocial. We avoid talking to the stranger who sits next to us. We struggle to move beyond small talk with an acquaintance. We are reluctant to express our gratitude to people we appreciate. Every day, we avoid opportunities to connect with strangers, neighbors, colleagues, friends, and family. By missing those moments, we miss out on all the benefits of a more social life—one that is happier and healthier for everyone."
Once Upon a Stranger: The Science of How “Small” Talk Can Add Up to a Big Life by Gillian Sandstrom, champions the power of everyday encounters. According to the back cover: "Dr. Gillian Sandstrom reveals that by talking to strangers, we can unlock more joy, curiosity, and goodwill every day. In an age when loneliness is a social health crisis and harmful behaviors like groupthink increase our perception of distance and polarization, this transformational guide explains the benefits of stretching our perceived limits and connecting with our fellow humans."
How to Disagree Better by Julia Minson, tackles the complexities of conflict resolution. The book’s description states: "We are in a disagreement crisis. The average person would rather go to the dentist than have a twenty-minute conversation with someone that they strongly disagree with. Yet disagreement is both inevitable and essential for everything from navigating decisions at home to running innovative and agile companies to governing democratic societies."
The Influence of Place: How Our Environments Shape Who We Are
The physical spaces we inhabit play a profound, often underestimated, role in shaping our identities, habits, and relationships. Behavioral scientist Leidy Klotz, in In a Good Place, explores this intricate connection, posing the question: How do places shape us, and how can we, in turn, shape the places that shape us?
Klotz’s work examines diverse environments, from intimate personal spaces like a backyard where childhood memories were forged, to communal settings such as college dormitories and modern workplaces. Through these examples, she illuminates how our surroundings influence our behaviors, foster our connections, and ultimately contribute to the formation of our very selves. This perspective offers valuable insights for individuals seeking to cultivate environments that support personal growth and well-being.
In a Good Place: How the Spaces Where We Live, Work, and Play Can Help Us Thrive by Leidy Klotz, delves into the profound impact of our surroundings. The back cover notes: "So many books address how to live a good life. This one is about where. Immersing readers in locations from beach huts to modern office layouts, from the backyard where we once played to the college dorm where we forged lifelong bonds, behavioral scientist Leidy Klotz illuminates how our physical environment determines our habits, our relationships, and even who we are."
Navigating Life’s "Cliffs": Resilience and Transformation After Major Upheavals
Life is punctuated by significant events, often referred to as "cliffs," that necessitate profound personal reevaluation and adaptation. These experiences—the end of a career, a health crisis, the joy of finding love, or the pain of losing it—force individuals to confront their identities and reimagine their futures.
Jim Collins, in What to Make of a Life, spent a decade meticulously studying individuals who encountered such pivotal moments. By examining pairs of people who faced similar "cliffs," Collins explores how their paths diverged and how they reconstituted their lives. His research reveals patterns of resilience and transformation, offering a framework for understanding how individuals can rebuild and renew themselves in the face of adversity. Collins emphasizes the universality of these experiences, stating, "The odds any of us will complete a life without cliffs are close to zero. Some cliffs are bigger than others, but life is punctuated by cliffs. Cliffs are us."
Cognitive scientist Maya Shankar offers a complementary perspective in The Other Side of Change. Through extensive conversations with individuals who have navigated major life transitions, Shankar illustrates how people rebuild their lives "on the other side of change." Her work suggests that these moments of upheaval, while challenging, can also be opportunities for profound personal growth, uncovering new abilities, perspectives, and values.
What to Make of a Life: Cliffs, Fog, Fire and the Self-Knowledge Imperative by Jim Collins, provides a framework for navigating life’s turning points. The back cover details: "Two rock musicians confronting a future without the group that had brought them success. Two public figures tainted by scandal having to make decisions about how to rebuild their lives. Two suffragists achieving their epic goal and so left with the puzzle of what to do next. Two figure skaters seeking new purpose when their Olympic careers come to an end. What emerges from Collins’s extensive studies—of writers, actors, scientists, leaders and many others—is a framework for understanding how individual lives can be built, sustained and constantly renewed."
The Other Side of Change: Who We Become When Life Makes Other Plans by Maya Shankar, explores the transformative power of life transitions. As the back cover explains: "Shankar invites us to rethink our relationship with change altogether. When a big change happens to us, it can lead to profound change within us. The unique stresses and demands of being thrust into a new reality can lead us to uncover new abilities, perspectives, and values, transforming us in extraordinary ways. What if we saw moments of upheaval as an opportunity to reimagine who we can be, rather than as something to just endure?"
Forthcoming Insights: A Glimpse into Fall’s Intellectual Landscape
The intellectual discourse continues with four highly anticipated books set for release this fall, promising further exploration of crucial behavioral science themes.
Agency: The Psychological History of Human Progress by Martin Seligman, set for release on September 8th, examines the driving force behind human progress. Seligman posits that "agency"—a psychological state of empowerment and self-efficacy—is the critical missing variable in historical analyses. He argues that fluctuations in agency have profoundly influenced innovation and human thriving across different eras, drawing on extensive research and historical reevaluation.
Artificial Intimacy: Who We Become When We Talk to Machines by Sherry Turkle, launching September 29th, delves into the evolving relationship between humans and artificial intelligence. Turkle traces the increasing tendency to converse with machines, exploring its lifecycle impact from childhood attachments to end-of-life considerations. She cautions that reliance on technology for emotional support may erode our capacity for risk-taking, difficult conversations, and independent judgment, offering a roadmap for reclaiming human connection in the age of AI.
Profits, Prophets, Coaches and Kings: (When) Do Leaders Matter? by Jared Diamond, scheduled for September 1st, questions the extent of leadership influence in shaping history. Diamond investigates whether leaders are truly exceptional figures or products of their circumstances, analyzing their impact across history, business, sports, and religion. His work seeks to determine the conditions under which leaders exert the most significant influence.
Situated: Find the People and Places That Bring Out Your Best by Angela Duckworth, also releasing on September 1st, highlights the critical role of environment and social networks in personal success. Duckworth’s research underscores the influence of immediate surroundings, peer groups, mentors, and even geographic location. She advocates for proactively shaping one’s environment to foster optimal performance and well-being, challenging the notion of simply adapting to existing circumstances.
The editorial team at Behavioral Scientist has a vested interest in some of these works, with Evan Nesterak having served as an editorial consultant on In a Good Place, and Heather Graci on Situated. Maya Shankar is an advisor to Behavioral Scientist, though advisors do not influence editorial decisions. The magazine will receive a small commission from book purchases made through the provided links, supporting its nonprofit mission.
